Specification :

ROAD BARRIER / CRASH BARRIER

A crash barrier or guardrail is a barrier on a road designed to prevent vehicles from leaving the roadway to improve road safety. In the UK, the standard A-profile barrier is known as ' Armco' . Common sites for crash barriers are:

median separators / central reservations on multi-lane highways
bridge supports
mountain roads

The design of the road barrier is generally such that a vehicle hitting the barrier is steered back onto the road. This may be achieved by designing the supports so that they break off on impact, which absorbs some energy while allowing the barrier to deform and push the vehicle back on track. In some cases cost cutting has led to a failure of this mechanism, with so-called " duck-nesting" ( after the shallow nature of a duck nest) of barrier support bases. When this happens the supports tilt over at the base instead of breaking off, allowing the barrier to collapse and the vehicle to go over the barrier. Motorcycles are very vulnerable to crash barriers. Large vehicles with a high centre of gravity, such as sport utility vehicles, are also vulnerable to going over barriers on impact.

To prevent heavy vehicles going through or over the barrier and still maintain a low impact severity level, more stable systems like the German Super-Rail have been developed since the 1990s. It is tested to hold up and lead back trucks up to 40 tons while causing as low damage to smaller vehicles as the standard system of the 1930s.
Super-Rail Crash Barrier left; on the right: standard spaced guardrail

With effect from January 2005 and based primarily on safety grounds, the UK’ s Highways Agency' s policy is that all new motorway schemes are to use high containment concrete step barriers in the central reserve. All existing motorways will introduce concrete barriers into the central reserve as part of ongoing upgrades and through replacement as and when these systems have reached the end of their useful life. This change of policy applies only to barriers in the central reserve of high speed roads and not to verge side barriers. Other routes are said to continue to use steel barriers, however there have been concrete barriers installed on major A-roads as well. The UK has also started to install impact attenuators at the end of crash barriers, because previous sloped ends could launch cars into the air like a ramp, in the event of an impact with the end of the barrier.

The Paris tunnel car crash in 1997 that resulted in the death of Princess Diana, was from an impact with a concrete column that was not protected by crash barriers.

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